. Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©

* Genomic Imprinting *
. Á¤ÀÇ: Differential expression of genetic material depending on the parent of origin
. Imprinted genes: 0.1-1% of all mammalian genes
. Paternally expressed genes generally enhance growth, whereas maternally expressed genes
  appear to suppress growth

ÀÌ ÁúȯÀº 1956³â Prader µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ã³À½ º¸°íµÈ ÀÌÈÄ, 1968³â Zellweger µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ H3O (hypogonadism, hypotonia, hypomentia, obesity) ÁõÈıºÀ¸·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ »ó¼¼È÷ »ìÆ캸±â·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

³ªÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ ÀÓ»ó¾ç»ó

ȯ¾ÆÀÇ ÀÓ»ó¾ç»óÀº ³ªÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó º¯Çϴµ¥, µÑ ¶Ç´Â ¼¼ ´Ü°è·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿µ¾Æ±â¿¡´Â ¼öÀ¯°ï¶õ ¹× ÀúüÁßÀ» º¸À̸ç, ¼Ò¾Æ±â¿¡´Â ¾ïÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °­¹ÚÀûÀÎ ½Ä¿åÀÇ °á°ú·Î 2-4¼¼ °æºÎÅÍ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ¸¸ÇØÁø´Ù. ÇÑÆí, û¼Ò³â±â´Â º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÇൿÀå¾Ö¸¦ Ư¡À¸·Î Whitman µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±¸ºÐµÇ¾îÁ³´Ù.

1) Infant(hypotonic) phase
    . žÆÀÇ È°µ¿¼º °¨¼Ò·Î µÐÀ§ºÐ¸¸ ¶Ç´Â Á¦¿ÕÀý°³°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀ» º¸À̸ç,
      Ãâ»ý½Ã Å°´Â Á¤»ó¹üÀ§(-0.23 SDS in boys & -0.53 SDS in girls)À̳ª
      Ã¼ÁßÀº ¾à°£ °¨¼ÒµÈ ¼Ò°ß(-0.87 SDS in boys & -1.17 SDS in girls)À» º¸ÀδÙ
    . »ý½Ä±â ÀúÇü¼ºÁõÀÌ ³²¾Æ¿¡¼­ ƯÈ÷ ÈçÇÏ´Ù (¹Ì¼ÒÀ½°æ, Àẹ°íȯ, ¿©¾Æ-¼ÒÀ½¼ø ÀúÇü¼º)
    . ½Å»ý¾Æ´Â º¸Åë ½ÉÇÑ ±ÙÀ°±äÀå ÀúÇÏ·Î ´Ã¾îÁø ¾ç»óÀ» º¸À̳ª Á¡Â÷ È£ÀüµÈ´Ù
    . ¾ð¾îÀå¾Ö ¹× ¹ß´ÞÁö¿¬, »ö¼ÒħÂøÀúÇÏÁõ (fair hair, blue eyes)
    . ¾ó±¼ Ư¡: narrow bifrontal diameter, almond-shaped eyes, triangular mouth

2) Childhood(hyperphasic, obese) phase
    . ´ë°³ 2-4¼¼ °æºÎÅÍ ¸¸Á·ÇÒÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â hunger drive·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç ºñ¸¸À» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù
      (obsessive with food, develop all kinds of food-seeking strategies & behavior)
    . ¼ºÀå ÀúÇÏ°¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ½ÃÀ۵dzª, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¯¾Æ°¡ °ñ¼º¼÷ÀÇ Áö¿¬À» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ
      Àú½ÅÀåÀÇ ¼Ò°ßÀ» º¸ÀδÙ
    . ôÃßÃø¸¸Áõµµ ¶ÇÇÑ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, û¼Ò³â±â¿¡ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØÁø´Ù
    . ÅëÁõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Î°¨¼ºÀÇ ÀúÇÏ·Î ÀÚÇØ(skin-picking)ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀ» º¸ÀδÙ
    . Oral characteristics: thick saliva, hypoplastic enamel & caries
    . Çе¿±â¿¡ µé¾î¼­¸é¼­ °­¹ÚÀû ÇൿÀÌ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØÁø´Ù
      (temper tantrum, stubborness & intolernace of frustration)
    . ´ëºÎºÐ °æ¹ÌÇÑ ¶Ç´Â ÁߵÀÇ Áö´ÉÀúÇϸ¦ º¸À̴µ¥, Æò±Õ IQ´Â ¾à 60-70 (¹üÀ§: 20-90)ÀÌ´Ù.
      (±×·¯³ª, ÇൿÀå¾Ö µîÀÇ ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÎÇØ ´ëºÎºÐ ½ÉÇÑ ÇнÀÀå¾Ö¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ)

3) Adolescencence (with more prominent behavioral disturbances)
    . ´ëºÎºÐ »çÃá±â°¡ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ´Ù
    . Æò±Õ ¼ºÀÎÅ°: ³²ÀÚ 152-162 cm, ¿©¼º 142-150 cm
    . ¼ö¸éÀå¾Ö: È£ÈíÀúÇÏ, significant oxygen desaturation µî
    . ¹«È°µ¿½Ã ½±°Ô Àá¿¡ ºüÁø´Ù
    . Á¤½ÅÁúȯÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϴµ¥, genuine psychosis µµ ¾à 5-10%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù

¼ºÀå ¹× »çÃá±â ¹ß´Þ

. »ýÈÄ 1¼¼°æ±îÁö ¼ºÀåÀº °ÅÀÇ Á¤»óÀ̳ª, ±×ÈÄ È¯¾ÆÀÇ 50%¿¡¼­ Àú½ÅÀåÀ» º¸ÀδÙ.
  Áï, 3¼¼¿¡¼­ 13¼¼ »çÀÌ¿¡ ȯ¾ÆÀÇ 50 ¹éºÐÀ§¼öÀÇ Å°´Â Á¤»óÀÎÀÇ 3 ¹éºÐÀ§¼ö¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ¸ç
  ¶ÇÇÑ »çÃá±â ¼ºÀåÀÌ °¨¼ÒµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼Õ°ú ¹ßÀÇ ±æÀ̵µ ÀÛ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
. 2¼¼°æ±îÁö üÁßÀº Á¤»óÀ̳ª ÀÌÈÄ ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î üÁßÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© 10¼¼ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ȯ¾Æ¿¡¼­
  Á¤»ó ¹üÀ§ÀÇ weight-for-height(WfH) indexÄ¡¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÑ´Ù.
  ¡æ ȯ¾ÆÀÇ skinfold thickess 50 ¹éºÐÀ§¼ö´Â Á¤»óÀÎÀÇ 95 ¹éºÐÀ§¼ö¿¡ °¡±õ°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù.
. °ñ¿¬·ÉÀº ȯ¾ÆÀÇ 1/3-1/2¿¡¼­ ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÈ´Ù
. °¡²û Ä¡¸ð¿Í ¾×¸ð µîÀÇ Á¶¼÷ÇÑ ¹ß´ÞÀÌ Àֱ⵵ Çϳª, ÀÌ´Â premature adrenarcheÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù.
  ±×·¯³ª, ¼º¼±ÃàÀÇ »çÃá±â ¹ß´ÞÀº central hypogonadismÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Áö¿¬, ºÒÃæºÐ ¶Ç´Â ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù.

½Ã»óÇϺÎ

. ´ëºÎºÐ ȯ¾Æ¿¡¼­ »ý±â´Â ¼ºÀåÈ£¸£¸óÀÇ ºÐºñ°¨¼Ò¿Í ¼º¼±ÀÚ±ØÈ£¸£¸ó°¨¼Ò¼º ¼º¼±±â´ÉÀúÇÏÁõÀº
  ½Ä¿åÁ¶ÀýÀÌ»ó°ú high pain threshold¿Í °°ÀÌ ½Ã»óÇϺÎÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.
  ±×·¯³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ã»óÇϺÎÀÇ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ±¸Á¶Àû ÀÌ»óÀº ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
. Swaab µîÀº ȯÀÚµéÀÇ ºÎ°Ë¿¡¼­ paraventricular nucleus Å©±â °¨¼Ò³ª oxytocin ¹ßÇö½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ ¼öÀÇ
  °¨¼Ò¸¦ º¸°íÇѹ٠Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ½Ã»óÇϺΠ¹ß´ÞÀå¾Ö¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ oxytocin ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷´Â
  "satiety neurons"ÀÇ »ý¸®Àû ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® À̵鿡¼­ÀÇ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â Çã±â¿Í ºñ¸¸ÀÇ
  ¿øÀÎÀ» ¼³¸í °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¡æ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé À̵鿡¼­ÀÇ °ú½ÄÀº Çã±âÀÇ Ç×Áøº¸´Ù´Â Æ÷¸¸°¨ÀÇ °¨¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎ
    µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ȯ¾Æµé¿¡¼­ ÃÊ±â ½Ä»ç ¼Óµµ°¡ ´À¸®°í eating curveÀÇ °¨¼Ó¾øÀÌ ±ä ½Ä»ç½Ã°£À¸·Î¼­
    ¼³¸í °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÑ´Ù.
. Swaab µîÀº ¶ÇÇÑ nucleus arcuatus¿¡¼­ GHRH ºÐºñ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ 30% °¨¼ÒµÈ ¼Ò°ßÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Energy balance in PWS

. ȯ¾Æµé¿¡¼­ ±âÃÊ´ë»çÀ²À» üÁß ¶Ç´Â Å°¿¡ ¿¬°üÇØ º¸¸é 20-50% Á¤µµ °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
  lean body mass¿Í ¿¬°üÇØ º¸¸é Á¤»óÀÌ´Ù(PWS-low lean body mass).
. ¿îµ¿¿¬°ü¼º ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Ò¸ðÀ²µµ °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ CNS Á¶ÀýÀå¾Ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±ÙÀ°±äÀå ÀúÇÏ ¹×
  À°Ã¼Àû ºñÈ°µ¿¼º, ¶ÇÇÑ °á±¹ ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ±ÙÀ°·®ÀÇ °¨¼Ò µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù.

Body composition and Leptin

. ¾î¸° ÀúüÁß¾Æ PWS¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ °Ë»ç¿¡¼­µµ skinfold SDS for BMIÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í BMI-adjusted Leptin
  ³óµµÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ÀúüÁß¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í üÁö¹æÀÇ »ó´ëÀû Áõ°¡¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
  (PWS¿¡¼­´Â Ư¡ÀûÀ¸·Î periphery¿¡ fat accumulation)
. ´Ü¼øºñ¸¸°ú ´Þ¸® PWS¿¡¼­´Â lean body massÀÇ °¨¼Ò, Àν¶¸° ³óµµ °¨¼Ò, ½Ã»óÇϺμº ¼º¼±±â´ÉÀúÇÏÁõ
  ¹× ºÒÀÓÀ» ÃÊ·¡Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â »ç½Ç ±â¾ÆÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Áõ»óÀÌ´Ù.
  ¡æ ±â¾ÆÀÇ Áõ»ó°ú Áõ°¡µÈ üÁö¹æÀº ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç, Ȥ Leptin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ Áõ°¡µÈ
    Ã¼Áö¹æ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¾ÆÁõ»óÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏ´Â°Ô ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¶ó°í º¸°íÇѹ٠ÀÖ´Ù

Insulin, IGF-I and IGF-BP3 levels in children with PWS

. Á¤»ó üÁßÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ³óµµÄ¡¿Í ºñ±³ÇØ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, Ç÷Áß insulin ³óµµ SDS´Â
  -0.7¡¾0.9(p=0.01), Ç÷Áß IGF-I ³óµµ SDS´Â -0.7¡¾0.8(p=0.02), Ç÷Áß IGF-BP3 ³óµµ SDS´Â
  -0.3¡¾1.2(p=0.2)·Î insulin ¹× IGF-I Ä¡´Â ³·À¸³ª IGF-BP3ÀÇ ³óµµÄ¡´Â ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ Á¤»ó¹üÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
  ±×·¯³ª, À̸¦ °Ç°­ÇÑ ºñ¸¸¾Æ¿Í ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù¸é ºñ¸¸¾Æµé¿¡¼­ IGF-IÀ̳ª IGF-BP3 ³óµµ°¡ Á¤»ó¾Æ¿Í ºñ±³ÇØ
  ¾à 50-100% Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇØ º¼ ¶§ PWS ȯ¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â ºñ·Ï ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÈ£¸£¸ó °áÇÌÁõ¿¡¼­¿Í
  °°ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ³·Áö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ IGF-BP3¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ ¸ðµÎ ³·Àº °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Table 1. Comparison of GH secretion & IGF-I levels in healthy children and patients with PWS

Subjects

n

Age(years)

BMI SDS

Mean GH/24h(¥ìg/L)

IGF-I SDS

PWS(Lindgren)

29

6.2

+2.2

0.7±0.4

-1.5

Healthy obese

10

8.9

+5.6

0.7±0.4

-0.2

Normal Children

10

5-10

-0.2

5.8±1.3

 

PWS(Eiholzer)

12

8.3

+3.6

n.d.

-1.0

SDS=Standard deviation score; n.d. = not determined



Genetic Issues

1) Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ °³¿ä

Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº°ú Angelman ÁõÈıºÀº ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ 15q11-q13 ºÎÀ§ÀÇ °áÇÔ°ú ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ imprinted gene µéÀÇ loss of functionÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀ̹ǷΠµÎ ÁúȯÀº ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ ÀÓ»ó Ç¥ÇöÇüÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀº ºÎ°è·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÈ 15q11-q13 ºÎÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î¼­, Ãâ»ý¾Æ 20,000¸íÁß 1¸íÀÇ ºóµµ·Î ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. Angelman ÁõÈıºÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ 15q11-q13 ºÎÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¸ð°è·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÈ °æ¿ì·Î¼­, ¹ß»ýºóµµ´Â Ãâ»ý¾Æ 15,000¸í ³»Áö 20,000¸íÁß 1¸íÀ¸·Î Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. ÀÓ»ó Áõ»óÀº ½ÉÇÑ Á¤½ÅÁöü, °£Áú, ƯÀÌÇÑ ¾È¸é¸ð¾ç, ¿îµ¿½ÇÁ¶, ÀÎÇü°°Àº °ÉÀ½°ÉÀÌ, ¹ßÀÛ¼º ¿ôÀ½ µîÀÌ Æ¯Â¡À̸ç, Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº¿¡ ºñÇØ ½Å°æÇÐÀû Áõ»óÀÌ ½ÉÇÏ¿© Áø´ÜÀÌ ¾î·Æ°í Á¤½ÅÁöü¸¦ °¡Áø Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ºóµµ°¡ ³ô´Ù. µÎ Áúȯ ¸ðµÎ ÀÓ»ó Ç¥ÇöÇüÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀÓ»óÀû Áø´ÜÀÌ ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª, ÃÖ±Ù ÀÌ ÁúȯÀÇ À¯ÀüÇÐÀû ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ½ÃÀÛÇϸ鼭 ¼¼Æ÷À¯ÀüÇÐÀû, ºÐÀÚ»ý¹°ÇÐÀû °Ë»ç¹ýÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

* PWS candiadate genes : SNURF-SNRPN (SNURF consists of exons 1 to 3 and SNRPN consists of   exons 4 to 10), NDN, IPW, ZNF127, MAGEL2

2) Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ À¯ÀüÇÐÀû ¹ß»ý ±âÀü

Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº°ú Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ À¯ÀüÀû ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀº °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ³× Á¾·ù·Î ºÐ·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢ ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÀ²Àº µÎ Áúȯ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¼Ò Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ°í, ¹ß»ý ±âÀü¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÓ»ó Áõ»óÀÇ ÁßÁõµµ°¡ Á» ´Ù¸¦»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó (hypopigmentaion: 19% in the UPD group, 56% in the deletion group, almond-shaped eyes: 55% in the UPD group, 80% in the deletion group) ´ÙÀ½ ÀӽŽà ÀÌȯµÉ Àç¹ß·ü¿¡ À־µµ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀ» ¹Ù·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í Á¤È®ÇÑ ¿øÀΰú ÇÔ²² Áø´ÜÇؾ߸¸ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ À¯Àü»ó´ãÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ù°, 15q11-q13 ºÎÀ§ÀÇ 4 Mb Á¤µµÀÇ °á½Ç (interstitial deletion)ÀÌ Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº°ú Angelman ÁõÈıº °¢°¢ 70%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Å« ¿øÀÎÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. Prader-Willi ÁõÈıº¿¡¼­´Â ºÎ°èÀÇ 15q11-q13ÀÌ, Angelman ÁõÈıº¿¡¼­´Â ¸ð°èÀÇ 15q11-q13ÀÌ °á½ÇµÇ¾î °¢°¢ÀÇ imprinted gene µéÀÌ ¼Ò½ÇµÇ¸ç, ´ëºÎºÐ de novo·Î ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ´ÙÀ½ ÀӽŵǴ ¾Æ±â°¡ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖÀ» È®·ü, Áï Àç¹ß·üÀº 1% ¹Ì¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô 15¹ø ¿°»öüÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ °á½ÇÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì, ¼¼Æ÷À¯ÀüÇÐÀû ¿°»öü °Ë»ç¿¡¼­ °ËÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀº 70% Á¤µµÀ̸ç, °á½ÇÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ·Á¸é Prader-Willi/Angelman region°ú »óº¸ÀûÀÎ probe¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ȯÀÚÀÇ ºÐ¿­Áß±â»ó ¿°»öü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Çü±¤µ¿¼Òº¸ÇÕ¹ý(fluorescence in situ hybridization;FISH)À» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

µÑ°, ÇÑ ½ÖÀÇ ¿°»öü°¡ ºÎ¸ð °¢°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀüÇØÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÎ¸ðÁß ÇÑ ÂÊ¿¡¼­¸¸ µÎ °³ ¿°»öü°¡ ÀüÇØÁø uniparental disomy(UPD)°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Maternal UPD°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °æ¿ì paternal imprinted geneÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÌ µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ °æ¿ì°¡ Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ 25% Á¤µµ¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÁÖ·Î maternal meiosis I ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ºñºÐ¸®Çö»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýµÇ¹Ç·Î maternal heterodisomy°¡ µÈ´Ù. UPD¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀº deletion Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºº¸´Ù ÀÓ»ó Áõ»óÀÌ °æ¹ÌÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 3-5% Á¤µµ¿¡¼­ paternal UPD°¡ ¿øÀÎÀÌ°í paternal meiosis II ´Ü°èÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¸¹À¸¹Ç·Î paternal isodisomy ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. UPD°¡ ºñºÐ¸® Çö»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù¸é Àç¹ß·üÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³·Áö¸¸ °¡Á·¼º Robertsonian ÀüÁÂ¿Í ¿¬°üµÉ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Àç¹ß·üÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù.

¼Â°, Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ 1-3% ¹× Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 5% Á¤µµ¿¡¼­ deletionÀ̳ª UPD°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ methylation ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. 15q11-q13ÀÇ small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ 5'¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â imprinting control centerÀÇ °á½ÇÀÌ µÎ Áúȯ¿¡¼­ °¢°¢ ´Þ¸® ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÖ ¿øÀÎÀÌ°í, ºÎ¸ð°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ imprinting defectÀÇ º¸ÀÎÀÚ·Î ÀÚ¼ÕÀÌ ÀÌȯµÈ °æ¿ì ´ÙÀ½ ÀӽŽà ¶Ç´Ù½Ã ÀÌȯµÉ Àç¹ß·üÀº 50%¿¡ À̸¥´Ù.

³Ý°, imprinted geneµéÀÇ functional loss°¡ ±âÀüÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î¼­, Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 0.1% ÀÌÇÏ·Î »ý°¢µÇ´Â ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀº ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÁ÷ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹àÇôÁø À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â ¾øÀ¸³ª, SNURF-SNRPN À¯ÀüÀÚ ¹× ½Ã»óÇϺο¡¼­ ¹ßÇöµÇ´Â necdin À¯ÀüÀÚ (NDN) µîÀÌ ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 10-20% Á¤µµ¿¡¼­´Â deletionÀ̳ª UPD°¡ ¾ø°í maternal imprinted ¾ç»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ °¡Á·¼º À¯Àü °æÇâÀ» º¸À̴µ¥, °¡Àå ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ E3 ubiquitin ligase (UBE3A)À̸ç Çظ¶½Å°æ°ú ¼Ò³ú¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇöµÇ°í, ÀÌ À¯ÀüÀÚ³» ´Ù¾çÇÑ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ premature terminationÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ imprinted geneµéÀÇ µ¹¿¬º¯À̵µ 50%ÀÇ Àç¹ß·üÀ» °¡Áø´Ù.

3) Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»ç¹æ¹ý

¨ç ¼¼Æ÷À¯ÀüÇÐÀû °Ë»ç : Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ °Ë»ç½Ç Áø´Ü ¹æ¹ýÀº ¼¼Æ÷À¯ÀüÇÐÀû
    ¿°»öü °Ë»ç¹ýÀ̾úÁö¸¸ °ËÃâÀ²ÀÌ ³·°í À§À½¼º ¹× À§¾ç¼ºÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼Æ÷À¯ÀüÇÐÀû
    °Ë»ç´Â 15q11-q13 ºÎÀ§ÀÇ °á½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ¿°»öü ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀ»
    Áø´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¾Æ´Ï¸é Prader-Willi/ Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ¿°»öü ÀÌ»ó ÁúȯÀ» °ËÃâÇÒ ¼ö
    ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÇÔ²² ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.

¨è FISH °Ë»ç : FISH ¹æ¹ýÀÌ °í¾ÈµÇ°í Prader-Willi/Angelman regionÀÇ probeµéÀÌ °³¹ßµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó FISH
    °Ë»ç°¡ Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 70%¸¦ È®ÁøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª FISH °Ë»ç¸¸À¸·Î´Â
    ÀÓ»óÀû Áø´ÜÀÇ µµ¿ò¾øÀÌ µÎ ÁúȯÀ» °¨º°ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö 30%¿¡¼­´Â Áø´ÜÀÌ
    ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

¨é Methylation ºÐ¼® : Deletion, UPD, imprinting defect°¡ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì ¸ðµÎ ºñÁ¤»ó methylation ¾ç»óÀ»
    ³ªÅ¸³»´Âµ¥, Áï Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº maternal methylation, Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 75%
    Á¤µµ´Â paternal methylation ¸¸À» ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î, southern blotÀ¸·Î methylation ºÐ¼®À» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© µÎ
    ÁúȯÀ» Áø´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù DNA methylation ºÐ¼®½Ã sodium bisulfite¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ genomic sequencing
    method ¶Ç´Â methylation-specific PCR (MSP) ¹æ¹ýÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé
    rader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ methylation ¾ç»óÀ» °£ÆíÇÏ°Ô ¼±º° Áø´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 3°¡Áö
    ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀÇ °¨º°ÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù.

¨ê UPD °Ë»ç : ȯÀÚ¿Í ±× ºÎ¸ð·ÎºÎÅÍ 15¹ø ¿°»öü»óÀÇ ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ microsatellite DNA marker¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
    PCR ½ÃÇàÈÄ ¾òÀº »ê¹°ÀÇ polymorphismÀ» ¼­·Î ºñ±³Çϸ鼭 maternal heterodisomy/isodisomyÀÎÁö
    paternal heterodisomy/isodisomy ÀÎÁö ¹àÈù´Ù.

¨ë Imprinted gene À¯ÀüÀÚ ºÐ¼® : Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ 0.1% ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼­, Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 10-20%
    Á¤µµ°¡ imprinted geneÀÇ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ°¡ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, methylation ¾ç»óÀÌ Á¤»óÀ̸鼭
    µÎ ÁúȯÀÌ °­·ÂÈ÷ ÀÇ½ÉµÈ´Ù¸é ¿øÀÎ À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ ºÐ¼®À» ½ÃÇàÇØ º»´Ù.

4) È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Áø´Ü ¹æ¹ý

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °Ë»ç¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ´Ü Çѹø¿¡ µÎ ÁúȯÀ» Á¤È®È÷ °¨º° Áø´ÜÇϸ鼭 ³× °¡ÁöÀÇ ¹ß»ý
±âÀüµµ °¨º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µÎ ¼¼°¡ÁöÀÇ °Ë»ç¹ýÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ °¢ °Ë»ç¹ýµéÀº
°í°¡À̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÌ ÀǽɵǴ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ °æÁ¦Àû, ½Ã°£ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸´Ù
È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»çÀÇ Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

Prader-Willi/Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÌ ÀǽɵǴ °æ¿ì, 15q11-q13 °á½Ç»Ó ¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ¿°»öüÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ»
°ËÃâÇϱâ À§Çؼ­µµ ¿°»öü °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÔ²² ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MS-PCRÀº
°Ë»ç¹æ¹ýÀÌ °£´ÜÇÏ°í Prader-Willi ÁõÈıºÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ, Angelman ÁõÈıºÀÇ 75-80% Á¤µµ¿¡¼­ Áø´ÜÀÌ
°¡´ÉÇϹǷΠÀ̸¦ ¸ÕÀú ½ÃÇàÇÑ ´ÙÀ½, FISH ºÐ¼®, UPD °Ë»ç µîÀÇ ¼øÀ¸·Î °Ë»ç¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÎ ÁúȯÀ»
È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.

Table 2. Published Diagnostic Criteria for PWS (1993³â Á¦Á¤, first proposed by Holm in 1981)

Major Criteria
1. Neonatal and infantile central hypotonia with poor suck, gradually improving with age
2. Feeding problems in infancy with need for special feeding techniques and poor weight gain/failure to
    thrive
3. Excessive or rapid weight gain on weight-for-length chart (excessive is defined as crossing two
    centile channels) after 12 months but before 6 years of age; central obesity in the absence of
    intervention
4. Characteristic facial features with dolichocephaly in infancy, narrow face or bifrontal diameter,
    almond-shaped eyes, smallappearing mouth with thin upper lip, down-turned corners of the mouth
    (3 or more are required).
5. Hypogonadism-with any of the following, depending on age:
    a. Genital hypoplasia, (male: scrotal hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, small penis and/or testes for age
        (5th percentile); female: absence or severe hypoplasia or labia minora and/or clitoris
    b. Delayed or incomplete gonadal maturation with delayed pubertal signs in the absence of
        intervention after 16 years of age (male: small gonads, decreased facial and body hair, lack of
        voice change; female: amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea after age 16)
6. Global developmental delay in a child 6 years of age; mild to moderate mental retardation or learning
    problems in older children
7. Hyperphagia/food foraging/obsession with food
8. Deletion 15q11-13 on high resolution (650 bands) or other cytogenetic molecular abnormality of the
    Prader-Willi chromosome region, including maternal disomy

Minor Criteria
1. Decreased fetal movement or infantile lethargy or weak cry in infancy, improving with age
2. Characteristic behavior problems-temper tantrums, violent outbursts, and obsessive-compulsive
    behavior; tendency to be argumentative, oppositional, rigid, manipulative possessive, and stubborn;
    perseverating, stealing, and lying (5 or more of these symptoms required)
3. Sleep disturbance and sleep apnea
4. Short stature for genetic background by age 15 (in the absence of growth hormone intervention)
5. Hypopigmentation-fair skin and hair compared with family
6. Small hands (25th percentile) and/or feet (10th percentile) for height age.
7. Narrow hands with straight ulnar borders
8. Eye abnormalities (esotropia, myopia)
9. Thick viscous saliva with crusting at corners of the mouth
10. Speech articulation defects
11. Skin-picking

Supportive Findings
1. High pain threshold
2. Decreased vomiting
3. Temperature instability in infancy or altered temperature sensitivity in older children and adults
4. Scoliosis and/or kyphosis
5. Early adrenarche
6. Osteoporosis
7. Unusual skill with jigsaw puzzles
8. Normal neuromuscular studies

To score, major criteria are weighted at 1 point each, and minor criteria are weighted at 0.5 point each.
Supportive findings increase the certainty of diagnosis but are not scored. For children 3 years of age or
younger, 5 points are required, 4 of which should come from the major group. For children 3 years of
age and for adults, a total score of 8 is required and major criteria must comprise 5 or more points of the
total score.

* ÈÄÇâÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÅäÇØ º» °á°ú ºÐÀÚÀ¯ÀüÇÐÀû Áø´ÜÀ» ¹ÞÀº ȯÀÚ Áß 16.7% °¡ »ó±â ±âÁØÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÏÁö ¸ø
   ÇÏ¿© 1993³â Áø´Ü ±âÁØÀÌ ²Ï ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù...

Table    3.     Sensitivities and the Percentages of Documentation of the Published Criteria (1993³â)

 

% Documented

Sensitivity

Major criteria

 

 

    Neonatal hypotonia  

87.9

97.5

    Feeding problems in infancy

77.8 

95.7

    Excessive weight gain

66.7

95.0

    Facial features

88.4

49.4

    Hypogonadism

51.1

95.6

    Developmental delay

98.9

97.8

    Hyperphagia

84.4

93.4

Minor criteria

 

 

    Decreased fetal activity  

62.2

89.3

    Behavior problems

86.7

82.1

    Sleep disturbance/sleep apnea

75.6 

36.8

    Short stature

63.3

86.0

    Hypopigmentation

73.3

47.0

    Small hands and/or feet

87.8 

74.7

    Narrow hands/straight ulnar

       borders

82.2

69.0

    Eye abnormalities

67.8

49.2

    Thick viscous saliva

88.9 

82.5

    Articulation defects

80.0

93.1

    Skin-picking

83.3

61.3



Table   4.     Suggested New Criteria to Prompt DNA Testing for PWS (2001³â)

Age at Assessment

  Features Sufficient to Prompt DNA Testing

 Birth to 2 y      

1. Hypotonia with poor suck.

 2 y-6 y

1. Hypotonia with history of poor suck.

  

2. Global developmental delay.

 6 y-12 y   

1. History of hypotonia with poor suck (hypotonia often persists).

 

2. Global developmental delay.

 

3. Excessive eating (hyperphagia; obsession with food) with

    central obesity if uncontrolled.

 13 y through adulthood      

1. Cognitive impairment; usually mild mental retardation.

 

2. Excessive eating (hyperphagia; obsession with food) with

    central obesity if uncontrolled.

 

3. Hypothalamic hypogonadism and/or typical behavior problems

   (including temper tantrums and obsessive-compulsive features).



.

 

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